OFFICIAL SITE ==►► Click HERE TO GO

MORE INFORMATION ==►► Click HERE TO GO

CBD for Dogs Calming Reviews: A Comprehensive Guide to Soothing Your Pet's Anxiety and Stress (GNRpM)

cbd for dogs calming reviews GNRpM

Understanding CBD for Dogs and Its Benefits

CBD, or cannabidiol, is a non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant. It has gained popularity in recent years for its potential therapeutic benefits, including reducing anxiety and stress in dogs. CBD oil for dogs, in particular, has become a popular choice among pet owners seeking to alleviate their pet's joint pain, anxiety, and stress. CBD dog treats and chews are also available, offering a convenient and tasty way to administer CBD to dogs.

The benefits of CBD for dogs are numerous. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce joint pain and inflammation. CBD has also been found to have anxiolytic effects, meaning it can help reduce anxiety and stress in dogs. Additionally, CBD has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties, which can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in dogs.

There are several types of CBD products available for dogs, including CBD oil, treats, and chews. CBD oil can be administered directly into the dog's mouth or added to their food. CBD treats and chews are available in a variety of flavors and can be given to dogs as a reward or snack. When choosing a CBD product for dogs, it's essential to consider the quality and purity of the product, as well as the manufacturer's reputation and customer reviews.

Top CBD Brands for Dogs

There are several top CBD brands for dogs, each offering a range of products and benefits. Some of the top brands include Penelope's Bloom, NuLeaf Naturals, and Total Vet. Penelope's Bloom offers a range of CBD products, including CBD oil, treats, and chews. Their Calming CBD Dog Treats are particularly popular among dog owners, as they contain a unique blend of CBD and other natural ingredients to help reduce anxiety and stress.

NuLeaf Naturals is another popular brand, offering a range of CBD products, including CBD oil and chews. Their CBD CBN Calming Chews are designed to help reduce anxiety and stress in dogs, and contain a unique blend of CBD and CBN (cannabinol). Total Vet is a veterinary-owned company that offers a range of CBD products, including CBD oil and treats. Their products are designed to help reduce anxiety, stress, and joint pain in dogs.

1. Penelope's Bloom: Offers a range of CBD products, including CBD oil, treats, and chews.
2. NuLeaf Naturals: Offers a range of CBD products, including CBD oil and chews.
3. Total Vet: Offers a range of CBD products, including CBD oil and treats.

CBD Oil for Dogs with Seizures

CBD oil has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties, which can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in dogs. However, it's essential to consult with a veterinarian before using CBD oil for dogs with seizures, as it can interact with other medications and have potential side effects. Total Vet and One Vet are two companies that offer CBD oil specifically designed for dogs with seizures.

Research has shown that CBD oil can be effective in reducing seizure frequency and severity in dogs. A study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association found that CBD oil reduced seizure frequency by 50% in dogs with epilepsy. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of CBD oil on dogs with seizures.

Expert Opinions on CBD for Dogs

Experts in the field of veterinary medicine have varying opinions on the use of CBD for dogs. Some veterinarians recommend CBD oil and treats for dogs with anxiety, stress, and joint pain, while others are more cautious, citing the need for more research. According to Dr. Jennifer Welser, a veterinarian and expert in CBD for dogs, "CBD has been shown to have potential therapeutic benefits for dogs, including reducing anxiety and stress. However, it's essential to consult with a veterinarian before using CBD products for dogs, as they can interact with other medications and have potential side effects."

Other experts, such as Dr. Gary Richter, a veterinarian and expert in holistic medicine, recommend CBD oil and treats for dogs with seizures and other health conditions. "CBD has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties, which can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in dogs," he says. "However, it's essential to work with a veterinarian to determine the best course of treatment for your dog."

User Reviews and Feedback

Many dog owners have reported positive results from using CBD products for their pets. According to a review on Penelope's Bloom's website, "I was skeptical at first, but after using the Calming CBD Dog Treats for my anxious dog, I noticed a significant reduction in his stress and anxiety. He's now able to relax and enjoy walks without getting overwhelmed." Another review on NuLeaf Naturals' website states, "I've been using the CBD CBN Calming Chews for my dog with seizures, and I've noticed a significant reduction in the frequency and severity of his seizures. I'm so grateful to have found a product that works for him."

• Penelope's Bloom: 4.5/5 stars on their website, with reviewers praising the effectiveness of their Calming CBD Dog Treats.
• NuLeaf Naturals: 4.5/5 stars on their website, with reviewers praising the effectiveness of their CBD CBN Calming Chews.

CBD Dog Treats and Chews

CBD dog treats and chews are a popular choice among dog owners seeking to alleviate their pet's anxiety, stress, and joint pain. These products contain a unique blend of CBD and other natural ingredients, such as chamomile and lavender, to help promote relaxation and reduce anxiety. Penelope's Bloom and NuLeaf Naturals offer a range of CBD dog treats and chews, each with its own unique features and benefits.

Product	Ingredients	Benefits
Penelope's Bloom Calming CBD Dog Treats	CBD, chamomile, lavender	Reduces anxiety and stress, promotes relaxation
NuLeaf Naturals CBD CBN Calming Chews	CBD, CBN, chamomile	Reduces anxiety and stress, promotes relaxation, reduces seizure frequency and severity

CBD Health Supplements for Dogs

CBD health supplements for dogs are designed to promote overall health and wellness in dogs. These products contain a unique blend of CBD and other natural ingredients, such as omega-3 fatty acids and turmeric, to help reduce inflammation and promote joint health. Chewy and other online retailers offer a range of CBD health supplements for dogs, each with its own unique features and benefits.

When choosing a CBD health supplement for dogs, it's essential to consider the quality and purity of the product, as well as the manufacturer's reputation and customer reviews. It's also important to consult with a veterinarian before using any new supplement, as they can interact with other medications and have potential side effects.

Calming CBD Dog Treats

Calming CBD dog treats are designed to help reduce anxiety and stress in dogs. These products contain a unique blend of CBD and other natural ingredients, such as chamomile and lavender, to help promote relaxation and reduce anxiety. Penelope's Bloom's Calming CBD Dog Treats are a popular choice among dog owners, as they contain 600mg of CBD per treat and are made with all-natural ingredients.

According to a review on Penelope's Bloom's website, "I was skeptical at first, but after using the Calming CBD Dog Treats for my anxious dog, I noticed a significant reduction in his stress and anxiety. He's now able to relax and enjoy walks without getting overwhelmed." Another review states, "I've been using the Calming CBD Dog Treats for my dog with separation anxiety, and I've noticed a significant reduction in his stress and anxiety. He's now able to stay calm and relaxed when I leave the house."

Best CBD for Dogs

The best CBD for dogs will depend on the individual dog's needs and health conditions. According to The Strategist and New York Magazine, some of the best CBD products for dogs include Penelope's Bloom's Calming CBD Dog Treats and NuLeaf Naturals' CBD CBN Calming Chews. These products contain high-quality CBD and other natural ingredients, and have been shown to be effective in reducing anxiety and stress in dogs.

When choosing a CBD product for dogs, it's essential to consider the quality and purity of the product, as well as the manufacturer's

Countries: United States - Canada - Australia

Calming Full Spectrum CBD Dog Chews – Charlotte’s Web I Tested The Best CBD Oil For Dogs: My Top Brands In 2025 … 4 Best CBD Dog Treats For Anxiety, Stress in 2024 | Calm Your Dog CBD for Hyperactive Dogs: A Vet's Guide to Calming Your Canine CBD Pet Chew for Calm | Calming CBD Dog Treats - NuLeaf Naturals CBD (cannabidiol) is a natural compound found in the Cannabis sativa plant. CBD for dogs is a hemp extract explicitly made for dogs. According to the American Kennel Club, although there is no definitive scientific data, ongoing research, recent surveys, and anecdotal evidence suggest pet owners can use CBD oil ... Provide calming properties ... Calming Chews with CBD For Dogs | Charlotte’s Web™ CBDfx Calming Hard Chews For Dogs 600mg CBD | FREE … 5 Best CBD for Dog Anxiety in 2024 – Reviews & Top Picks The ThunderEase Dog Calming Pheromone Diffuser Kit is a product designed to help dogs with separation anxiety, stress barking, chewing, fear of fireworks and thunderstorms, and other anxiety-related behaviors. ... Best CBD Gummies for Dogs; Goat's Milk for Dogs; Skin & Coat Supplements for Dogs; ... Sunday Lawn Care Review: This Lawn Care Brand ... CBD for Dogs: Q&A with an Expert Veterinarian | Dog Food Advisor Best CBD For Dogs | The Strategist - New York Magazine Best CBD Oil For Dogs — Benefits, Dosage, & Safety (2022) - Daily CBD Search for Dr. Richter’s interviews on using CBD for dogs. Scientific Research on CBD for Dog Anxiety Preliminary Assessment of the Use of Cannabidiol in Treating Canine Anxiety Disorders. This preliminary study explores the use of CBD for dog anxiety. While more research is needed, it highlights the potential for using CBD chews for calming ... CBD Calming Dog Chews | Sleepy CBN Treats for Stress CBD For Dogs: Complete Guide and 5 Top Reviews - Total Vet CBD For Dogs | Shop Premium & Safe Hemp for … NuLeaf Naturals, CBD CBN Calming Chews for Dogs, Apple ... - CBD.market Full Spectrum vs Broad Spectrum CBD for Dogs: Which is Better? Calming CBD Dog Treats – Peanut Butter – Daily Pet Co. NuLeaf Naturals, CBD CBN Calming Chews for Dogs, Apple ... - CBD… Our Pet CBD Calming Chews combine high-quality CBD with soothing ingredients like valerian root and chamomile to provide a natural sense of calm. These chews are ideal for pets facing stressful events like thunderstorms, travel, or separation. Easy to administer and delicious, they make calming your pet simple and enjoyable. Priced at $0.07 per mg of CBD, the cost is deemed fair, reflecting the quality of CBD in Lazarus Naturals Calming Support CBD Dog Chews. For pet owners considering this product, the recent lab results and the blend of calming ingredients are significant factors in determining its potential benefits for their pets' well-being. Honest Paws Review for January 2025 | Best CBD for Dogs Calming CBD Dog Treats – 300mg – Penelope’s Bloom Duck & Apple Calming Chews for Small Dogs - Earth Buddy CBD Calming Chews for Dogs - Koi CBD | Free US Shipping Best CBD Tinctures for Dogs to Relieve Pain, Anxiety & More 7 Best Calming Treats for Dogs in 2024 - Good Housekeeping Best CBD for Dog Anxiety: 5 Calming CBD Pet Products Best CBD Oil For Dogs: An All-Natural Way To Ease Anxiety And … Best CBD for Dog Anxiety: 9 Options to Calm Your Pup Best CBD & Hemp Oils for Dogs in 2024 - iHeartDogs CALM: CBD Oil for Dogs Anxiety Stress - CBD Dog Health Charlotte's Web CBD For Dogs Review - Woof Whiskers CBD for Hyperactive Dogs: The calming effect of CBD helps manage hyper dogs. Cannabidiol promotes natural relaxation and helps balance the brain’s chemicals, which reduces excess energy in hyperactive dogs. CBD for Dogs with Cancer: CBD helps cancer dogs by shrinking tumors and preventing them from spreading. Cannabidiol is safe to combine ... 8 Best Thunderstorm Anxiety Relief Products for Dogs - iHeartDogs Charlotte's Web CBD Pet Product Review 2025: An Expert's ... - Dogster Bailey’s CBD Review 2025: An Expert's Breakdown – Dogster Best CBD Dog Treats for Anxiety: 6 Brands to Calm Your Canine 9 Best CBD Dog Treats & Chews of 2025 – Reviews & Top Picks Best CBD Oil For Dogs: Top Picks And Safety Guide - The Dodo Our dog calming CBD chews are made with 25mg of CBN, featuring a natural vegan bacon flavor, perfect for supporting calm during travel, hospital visits, separation and sleep. These chews include premium ingredients such as almond butter, apple sauce, coconut oil, oat flour, and hemp oil, all derived from high-quality broad-spectrum extract from ... Review: ElleVet Sciences elleCalm & Comfort Chews - Top Dog … Only Natural Pet® Hemp Calming Support Soft Chews for Dogs - PetSmart Bailey’s CBD Oil for Dogs Review: Our Expert’s Opinion Best 7 CBD Oils For Dog Anxiety - Total Vet - One Vet Buy Hemp Well Calm Dog Anxiety Relief Soft Chew Dog Supplement, 30 count at Chewy.com. FREE shipping and the BEST customer service! ... Zesty Paws Hemp Elements Plus Calming Bites Roast Beef Flavored Soft Chews CBD Calming Health Supplement for Dogs, 45 count. Rated 4.4 out of 5 stars. 4.4. 40. $29.97 Chewy Price. ... Show More Reviews ... 8 Best CBD Oils for Dogs with Arthritis - iHeartDogs CBD Oil for Dogs: A Guide Including Reviews and More - Rover.com Lazarus Naturals CBD for Dogs Review - CBD Oil for Dogs Bailey's CBD Oil for Dogs Review: Our Expert's Opinion Lazarus Naturals, Calming CBD Oil Pet Tincture, Full ... - CBD.market Kradle Calming Chews Chicken Flavored Soft Chew Supplement for Dogs… Shop Chewy for low prices and the best Dog CBD Health Supplements! We carry a large selection and the top brands like Pet Releaf, ElleVet Sciences, and more. ... Kradle Chicken Flavored Chew CBD Calming Health Supplement for Dogs, 90 count. Rated 3.9 out of 5 stars. 3.9. 16. $31.00 Chewy Price. $29.45 Autoship Price. CBD Oil for Dogs: What Is It and What Does It Do? - American … 8 Best CBD Oils for Dogs in 2025 – Reviews & Top Picks Buy NuLeaf Naturals, CBD CBN Calming Chews for Dogs, Apple Cinnamon, Full Spectrum, 30ct, 60mg CBN + 120mg CBD at the best price. Full CBD product data, dosage, suggested use, reviews. Fast & free shipping. ... Common benefits reported in customer reviews include: Supports wellness; Supports rest and recovery; The NuLeaf Naturals Difference ... CBD Chews for Pets - Dog & Cat Calming CBD Chews - Medterra From separation anxiety and noise phobias to joint pain and stiffness due to arthritis, there are a number of potential reasons pet parents have tried CBD oil for dogs. But with so many different brands and types of products … Best Calming CBD Oil for Hyper Dogs: 4 Reviews and … Calm and Comfort is maximum strength and provides relief in 1.5-2 hours. For best results, give 1.5 hours before the trigger event. Calm and Comfort comes in a 4 count tin or a 38 count tin. Each individually-wrapped Calm and Comfort soft chew contains 46 mg CBD + CBDA. Good for dogs over 5 lbs. Keep Calm and Comfort on hand for emergencies! CBD Dog Soft Chews - Peanut Butter Flavor - CBD Living Best CBD for Dog Anxiety: 9 Options to Calm Your Pup Kradle Calming Chews - Daily Stress Relief Support for Dogs - Bite Size ... ElleVet CBD Products Review 2025: An Expert’s Breakdown Honest Paws Review: Are These Pet CBD Products Safe & Reliable? CBD For Dogs | Shop Premium & Safe Hemp for Dogs | Lab Tested - Neurogan #1 CBD Dog Treats for Anxiety + Stress Relief | Penelope's Bloom KRADLE Chicken Flavored Chew CBD Calming Health Supplement for Dogs… Best CBD & Hemp Dog Treats of 2024 - Natural, Tasty, and Effective Kradle Calming Bliss Bar Peanut Butter & Bacon Flavored Soft Calming Hemp Oil for Dogs | CBD, Chamomile, L-Theanine Should You Give Your Dog CBD Oil for Pain? One of the first studies done involving CBD and dogs was performed at Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine. The study was developed to see how CBD can help dogs with pain management. In the study, more than 80% of dogs with osteoarthritis experienced a decrease in their pain. CBD for Pets, Dogs and Cats - Safe, Pure, and Effective - CBDfx Best CBD & Hemp Dog Treats of 2024 – Natural, Tasty, and … Best CBD dog treats. Best overall CBD for wellness: Penelope's Bloom CBD Soft Chews for Digestive Support + Probiotic; Best CBD for relaxing and better sleep: R&R CBD Multifunctional Dog Chews; Best for reducing hyperactivity: Aspen Green Calm Organic CBD Soft Dog Chews; Best for anxiety: CBDfx CBD Dog Treats Calming Chews 600mg CBD Dog Health: Best CBD for Dogs and Pets | Full Spectrum … Kradle Chicken Flavored Chew CBD Calming Health Supplement for Dogs… Calming CBD Dog Treats – 600mg – Penelope’s Bloom Visit Website. Why is HempMy Pet our top pick for dogs suffering from arthritis? In a 90-day clinical trial published in the esteemed Journal of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association, HempMyPet's 1,000mg CBD oil was shown to improve symptoms in 93% of dogs suffering from arthritis.. HempMy Pet makes all its products from its own organically-grown Colorado hemp and certified ... Best CBD dog treats: top six brands for anxiety and joint relief Best CBD dog treats: top six brands for anxiety and joint relief We love its Calming Bites, which has hemp seed, chamomile, and relaxing melatonin. Best of all, they’re turkey flavor, so dogs will gobble them up. We also recommend CBDistillery for our human... I have noticed that the calming dog chews aren't as strong as maybe a CBD oil, which is what we have used in the past with Halle and for when Indy gets excited around new humans or dogs ... Tuckers Gold 1000mg CBD Oil for Dogs and Cats - King Kanine CBD Pet Chew for Calm | Calming CBD Dog Treats - NuLeaf … HolistaPet – Best CBD Calming Treats for Dogs with Stress; Fomo Bones – Best 100% Natural CBD Dog Treats; Zatural – Best CBD Soft Chews; Charlotte’s Web – Best CBD Dog Treats for Seizures; Koi – Best CBD for Dogs with Joint Pain; Extract Labs – Best CBD Dog Treats for Seizures; Best CBD Dog Treats: Who We Picked & Why Recs for trusted CBD oil brands? : r/reactivedogs - Reddit The 9 Best CBD for Dogs for 2025 | Free Buyers Guide Hemp Well Calm Dog Anxiety Relief Soft Chew Dog Supplement, … Best 12 CBD Oils For Dogs with Seizures - Total Vet - One Vet The best CBD for dogs: Oils, treats, gummies, more - New York … Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs with Anxiety and Stress - 180 Soft Dog ... Best CBD Dog Treats: Top Products for Pain & Anxiety Relief Medterra Pet CBD Reviews: My Dog Tried Their CBD Oil & Treats 10 Best CBD Treats For Dogs 2025: My Top Brands [For Every … 7 Best Calming Treats for Dogs in 2024 - Good Housekeeping CBD Health Supplements for Dogs - Free shipping | Chewy CBD Calming Chews for Dogs | Dog Anxiety Relief – Innovet Pet Honest Paws CBD Pet Products Review 2025: An Expert's Breakdown Calming CBD chews for dogs, my curiosity got the best of me Learn more about the best CBD oil for dogs in Canada. We discuss full-spectrum vs. pure CBD isolate and bacon flavoured options for your pup! Home; Save 20% On CBD ... you’ll want to consider this pure CBD isolate for dogs. The reviews for this CBD oil are just as promising and the best part is that this CBD oil comes in a variety of dosages ... Vet Reviews. CBD for Pets - Trusted By Veterinarians. ... Our CALM: CBD Oil for dogs, cats and horses is great for reducing stress from noise anxiety (like fear of thunderstorms or fireworks), anxiety around strangers, and the general stress that comes with the holidays. Subscribe & Save; CBD Calming Chews for Dogs | Daily Dog Treats | Kradle Best CBD for Dog Anxiety: 5 Calming CBD Pet Products CBD Dog Chews with Mushrooms for Calm + Vitality - Lazarus … Hemp vs CBD for Dogs: Understanding the Differences Does Your Dog Have Anxiety? Anti-Anxiety Medication for Dogs ... CBD For Dogs: Complete Guide and 5 Top Reviews - Total Vet 11 Best Calming Treats For Dogs: Chews, Gummies, Peanut … CBD Chews for Pets - Dog & Cat Calming CBD Chews - Medterra Best CBD dog treats: top six brands for anxiety and joint relief 8 Best CBD Oils for Dogs in 2025 - Reviews & Top Picks Best CBD Oil For Dogs: An All-Natural Way To Ease Anxiety And … Best CBD Oil For Dogs In Canada - Canadian CBD Guide CBD For Dogs | Shop Premium & Safe Hemp for Dogs | Lab … I Tested The Best CBD Oil For Dogs: My Top Brands In 2025 (Reviews) Honest Paws Reviews & CBD Alternatives - pawsomeadvice.com 5 Best CBD for Dog Anxiety in 2024 – Reviews & Top Picks CBD Calming Chews for Dogs - Koi CBD | Free US Shipping The best CBD for dogs: Oils, treats, gummies, more - New York Post CBD Dog Soft Chews - Peanut Butter Flavor - CBD Living CBD For Dogs: Complete Guide and 5 Top Reviews - Total Vet Best CBD Oil For Dogs: An All-Natural Way To Ease Anxiety And Pain? Calming CBD Dog Chews with Melatonin – Holistapet View on Amazon | View on PetHonesty. PetHonesty’s maximum strength Hemp Calming soft chews are formulated with an all-natural blend of 13 herbs and other clinically proven calming ingredients to help ease anxiety in dogs within 30-45 minutes after feeding. We love that PetHonesty uses a unique no-heat cooking method for its soft chews, which maximizes the … Best CBD Treats for Dogs | Calming, Mobility, & Wellness The calming effect of CBD can also cause slight drowsiness, especially when using higher doses. Risks of Using CBD Oil for Dogs. The safety and risks of using CBD for dogs have not yet been ... CBD Products for Dogs | Healthy Dog Supplements - Pet Releaf Kradle Calming Chillers Chicken Flavored Hard Chew Calming … Best 7 CBD Oils For Dog Anxiety - Total Vet - One Vet Best 12 CBD Oils For Dogs with Seizures - Total Vet - One Vet Pet Releaf CBD Products Review 2025: Our Expert’s Opinion 9 Best CBD Treats for Dogs With Anxiety in 2025 - Reviews & Top Picks Give your dog calming chews about 30-45 minutes prior to stressful events; Start with around 1-2 Calming chews for dogs per 20lbs. body weight per day; If your dog is under 20lbs you can easily break the CBD chews in half; Each Calming Chew contains 5mg of full spectrum CBD for dogs Many Honest Paws reviews recommend this pet CBD company. Over 90% of all customers love its products and believe they soothe pain and anxiety and make walking easier for pets with joint problems.. Honest Pets uses 100% organic hemp for extracting CBD. It offers a great range of CBD oils and treats, with customer service that’s among the best ones we’ve … CBD Oil for Dogs: A Guide Including Reviews and More - Rover.com Lazarus Naturals CBD for Dogs Review - CBD Oil for Dogs CBD Products for Dogs | Healthy Dog Supplements - Pet Releaf CBD Benefits & Side Effects for Dogs: What to Know Best CBD for dogs to help with anxiety and joint pain Explore the best CBD treats for dogs designed to ease anxiety, support joint health, and enhance overall wellness. These top-rated, vet-approved options make for a happy, healthy pup. Best CBD for dogs to help with anxiety and joint pain

Similar

GNRpMcbd for dogs calming reviews Amway Sleep Gummies Reviews: A Comprehensive Guide to Improving Sleep Quality with Nutrilite's Sweet Dreams (lkiSN)
CBD Gummies for Diabetics Canada: A Comprehensive Guide to Managing Diabetes with CBD (MRWQD)
Enhancing Intimacy with Sex Euphoria Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide (MMhmO)
Vitafusion Men's Gummy Vitamins Side Effects: A Comprehensive Review (DSvVp)
The Benefits of Snoozy CBD Gummies for a Restful Night's Sleep (yLSYr)
Vigorita CBD Gummies: A Comprehensive Review of Their Benefits and Effectiveness (IDHLx)
Green Farms CBD Gummies 1000mg: A Comprehensive Guide to Natural Pain Relief and Anxiety Solution (zQGqp)
Finding the Best Sleep Aid Gummies for Adults: A Comprehensive Guide to Restful Nights (lbPZL)
In the Mood Enhancing Gummy: A Comprehensive Guide to Mood Enhancement (OFVKJ)
CBD Erection Gummies: A Comprehensive Guide to Improving Erectile Function (ZMKLq)